Hanging Mercury Dropping Electrode Research Articles

Indirect Determination of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride by Square Wave Voltammetry of SnCl2.2H2O

A simple, fast and sensitive electroanalytical method consist studying the square wave of SnCl2.2H2O at hanging mercury dropping electrode in aqueous solution for the indirect determination of (AMI) drug. SnCl2.2H2O has revealed a major reduction potential at (-0.450) Volt against the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl/Sat.KCl). The calibration curve in the Phosphate buffer as the supporting electrolyte at pH=2 was constracted. The range concentrations up to (0.99X10-5–9.91X10-5) M, the correlation coefficient (r= 0.9989) and then studied the decreased of peak current of the drug by the (HMDE) behavior in the presence of SnCl2.2H2O. Results were as follow: The calibration curves were (0.316 X10-6 -3.136 X10-6) M and thismethods was successfully applied to determination of AMI in apharmaceutical formulations.

DETERMINATION THE BINDING CONSTANT OF INTERACTION OF MOBIC WITH GLUTATHIONE USING SQUARE WAVE VOLTAMMETRY

Energy in living system can produced through the electron transfer, which necessary to achieve physiological functions of the cells, as a result free radicals of oxygen as well nitrogen species released and caused cell damage due to oxidation stress. Hence, these reactive species involve in the inflammation. This contradictory effect of oxygen necessitated the development of an antioxidant such as Glutathione (Glu.) to protect cell against oxidation by scavenging and inhibiting the action of free radicals. This research studied the electrochemical behavior of Glu. as antioxidant, Mobic as non-sterodial anti-inflammatory drugs( NSAIDs) and their interaction using square wave voltammetry technique (SWV) on the hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE) as working electrode, Pt-wire as an auxiliary electrode and Ag/AgCl in Sat. KCl as a reference electrode. Glutathione showed an reduction peak (at -0.305 V) in pH 4 of acetate buffer solution. While, Mobic showed Under the same default Condition a reduction peak at ( -1.15 V). Optimum condition were investigated such as pH, start and end potential, deposition potential, deposition time, equilibrium time, voltage step, amplitude, frequency, the size of the mercury drop and sweep rate. As well, the interaction between the Glu. and Mobic was evaluated by utilizing the calculation of binding constant.

Study of electrochemical behavior of two chemically similar acridines: Tacrine and 9-aminoacridine on hanging mercury drop electrode

ABSTRACT. The electrochemical behavior of two chemically related acridine compounds: tacrine (TAC) and 9-aminoacridine (9-AA) was investigated on a hanging mercury drop electrode (HDME). The electrochemical study was carried out by using Osteryoung square wave voltammetry (OSWV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques in the Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer solution at pH = 2.0–12.0, KCl (0.1/0.2/0.3 M) and methanol (0.0-50%) mixture as supporting electrolyte. TAC showed maximum current at pH 7.5 while 9-AA at pH 10, KCl (0.3M), and 10% methanol. The study of electrochemical reduction of 9-AA and TAC on the HDME by using CV resulted in a quasi-reversibility, mainly diffusion-controlled reaction. The reaction involved 1e–/1H+ reduction at nitrogen atom in the case of the 9-AA while the second process involved the 2e–/2H+ reduction of the intra-cyclic azomethine group. The reduction peak potential of structurally related acridine compounds is influenced by the pH values and percentage of the organic solvent of the supporting electrolytes. Also, the study may provide insight into the electron transfer pathways of biological reactions of the acridines and their electrochemical behavior on the electrode.
                    
 KEY WORDS: Tacrine, 9-Aminoacridine, Cyclic voltammetry, Osteryoung square wave voltammetry, Hanging mercury dropping electrode
  
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(3), 639-646.
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i3.14

A Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor Based on Electrocatalytic Reduction Effect of Cu2+ on Trace Determination of Malathion in Soil and Other Complex Matrices

The current strategy reports a highly sensitive and selective square wave-cathodic stripping voltammetric protocol for malathion determination. The established method was based on the controlled adsorptive accumulation of malathion in the presence of Cu2+ ions in an aqueous solution of pH 2 onto the hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE) and measuring the resulting cathodic peak current of the adsorbed species at −0.42 V versus Ag/AgCl electrode. The low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of malathion of the assay were estimated to be 3.1 × 10−10 and 1.03 × 10−9 M with a linear dynamic range of 1.03×10−9 – 2.0 × 10−7 M, respectively. The method was satisfactorily applied and validated for malathion determination in environmental samples. The experimental Student texp and Fexp values did not exceed the tabulated ttab (2.78) and Ftab (6.39) at 95% (P = 0.05) confidence (n = 5), confirming the precision and independence on the matrix. The developed sensing platform for the detection of malathion shows superior performance to conventional electrochemical methods. The proposed sensor offered simple, economical, reproducible, and applicable approach for the determination of malathion in environmental samples.

Poly (8-Hydroxyquinoline) Properties, Different Methods for Characterization, and New Applications for Different Uses: Review Article

Poly (8–Hydroxyquinoline) (PHQ) has been synthesized by oxidation of the 8–hydroxyquinolate. In addition, Polymeric metal has a great significance in various areas of chemistry. It has several different methods that, used for characterization as FTIR spectroscopy, 1HNMR Spectroscopic, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermal Gravimetric (TG), Differential Thermal Gravimetric (DTG) have been used. The cathodic stripping voltammetric of the PHQ at the hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE) shows a very weak signal at negatively charged electrode potential.   Spectro analytical Sensitivity for PHQ coordination polymers with different metal ions have been calculated. Potentiometric Studies of a Polymeric and Coordination Polymeric Form of 8- Hydroxyquinoline. Cation exchange properties have been researched by spectrophotometric technique. Immobilization of Monomeric, Polymeric and Polymeric Chelates Forms of (8-Hydroxyquinoline) Matrix incorporated in Aluminum Oxide used to be studied. Also, Immobilization of Monomeric, Polymeric and Polymeric Chelates Forms of (8-Hydroxyquinoline) Matrix into Silica Gel has been carried out.  Various applications for previous studies in different areas can be used as: Analytical Application, Preconcentration of some metal Ions, and get a patent about Poly(8-Hydroxyquinoline) immobilized on some substance as risen for removal of metal ion. 

A highly sensitive electrochemical probe for trace determination and chemical speciation of lead in water and foodstuffs using Thorin-I as a selective chelating agent

A simple and low-cost differential pulse-adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (DP CSV) approach has been established for trace determination and speciation of Pb using Thorin-I as selective chelating agent. The established assay was based upon controlled preconcentration of Pb–Thorin complex at pH 8.3–9.0 at a hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE). The resulting cathodic peak current (Ip,c) at − 0.56 V was then measured versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The plot of Ip,c versus Pb concentration under the optimized parameters was linear in the concentration range 3.5 × 10–10 − 5.0 × 10–7 mol L−1. The lower limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of Pb were 1.05 × 10–10 and 3.5 × 10–10 mol L−1, respectively. The planned assay was satisfactorily applied for total analysis and speciation of Pb in various water and food samples. Validation of the developed probe was successfully achieved by analysis of Pb in certified reference material.

Study of electrochemical behavior of escitalopram oxalate using hanging mercury drop electrode and its determination in human urine and pharmaceuticals

Escitalopram oxalate (ESC-OX) is among the most currently used antidepressant drugs. This study aimed to determine ESC-OX in human urine and different pharmaceutical dosage forms via the electrochemical method. The electrochemical behavior of ESC-OX was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques at hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE). The maximum reduction potential was determined to be − 0.55 and − 0.57 V at pH 6.5 in a cell containing 5% (v/v) methanol and 0.3 M KCl. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curve of the cathodic peak current versus the concentration was linear in the range of 4.143–29.0 µg mL−1. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 1.15 µg mL−1 and 1.31 µg mL−1, 3.490 µg mL−1 and 3.97 µg mL−1 for pharmaceutical and urine samples, respectively. The investigation of electrochemical reduction of ESC-OX on the HDME by using CV resulted in a quasi-reversibility, mainly diffusion-controlled reaction that involves a four-electron reduction of the nitrile group. For analytical purposes, a stable and well-defined peak was obtained in DPV mode. The average accuracy was found to be 101.60% ± 0.48 and 99.72% ± 5.64 for pharmaceutical and urine samples, respectively. Moreover, the developed method was precise with RSD % below 2% for both samples. The validation of the developed method was carried out as stated in the ICH Q2(R) 1 guideline. The proposed technique was effectively utilized for the determination of ESC-OX in different pharmaceutical formulations and urine samples. Neither excipients nor endogenous substances have electroactive interferences.

A highly selective electrochemical sensor for trace determination and speciation of antimony (III & V) in water and soil samples using 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone

The current works extend the utility of 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone reagent (HTTA) towards the least explored antimony (III & V) ions in complex matrices. The redox characteristics and the excellent surface coverage (Γ) of the electroactive antimony (III)-HTTA chelate onto the hanging mercury dropping electrode suggested establishing a differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetric (DP–CSV) analysis for chemical speciation of antimony (III & V) in environmental water samples. Under the optimized conditions of pH, deposition time, potential, sweep rate, and HTTA concentration, the cathodic peak current at − 0.18 V linearly increased on growing antimony (III) concentration in a wide working range from 2.46 × 10−9 to 1.07 × 10−7 mol L−1, with an obtained detection and quantification limits 7.38 × 10−10 and 2.46 × 10−9 mol L−1, respectively. The figure of merits were compared successfully with some reported electrochemical, chromatographic, and spectrochemical methods. The established DP–CSV method has a unique advantages (rapid response, short analytical time, sensitive, selective, and reproducible) to be quantitatively applied for trace analysis of antimony (III & V) species in fresh and marine water (the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea) samples. The settled method was also validated (Student’s t and F tests at P = 0.05) by comparison with the official inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method.

Square-wave voltammetric determination of drospirenone and ethinylestradiol in pharmaceutical dosage form using square wave technique

Cathodic voltammetric behaviors of drospirenone and ethinylestradiol were used for the simultaneous determination of both drugs in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulation (Yasmin® tablets) without the interference of excipients. The determinations were made on hanging mercury dropping electrode using square-wave technique in a voltammetric cell containing 10 mL of 0.04 mole/L Britton-Robinson. After every aliquot addition, the solution was stirred for 10 s at 1000 rpm, rested for 10 s then square wave voltammetry mode was ramped from +100 to -1700 mV with scan rate of 100 mV/s, pulse amplitude of 50 mV and measurement time of 5 ms. Several factors such as pH, type of supporting electrolyte, pulse amplitude and scan rate were studied to optimize the condition for voltammetric determination of these drugs. With optimized experimental parameters, a good linearity was obtained for both drugs over a range of 1.36×10-6 to 1.91×10-7 mole/L and 6.75×10-8 to 6.07×10-7 mol/L of drospirenone and ethinylestradiol, respectively. Characterization of the proposed method was done according to International Conference on Harmonization, Q2B: Validation of Analytical procedures. The proposed method was statistically compared with the reference method and the results revealed no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision.

Differential Pulse-Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Sulfadiazine Drug in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Drug Residue in Wastewater at a Hanging Mercury Dropping Electrode

An adsorptive differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry method has been developed for determining the presence of sulfadiazine drugs. The method is based upon the adsorptive collection of the drug on a hanging mercury dropping electrode at −1.0 V versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Factors affecting the stripping performance such as, pH, accumulation time and potential, sweep rate were critically studied. The optimum conditions were achieved in a Britton–Robinson buffer of pH 5–6. At the optimal conditions, the cathodic stripping current of the drug at −1.0 V versus concentrations was linear in the concentration range \({3.7 \times 10^{-9}}\) –\({1.0 \times 10^{-7}\;{\rm mol L}^{-1}}\). The lower limit of detection and quantification of the drug were \({1.1 \times 10^{-9}}\) and \({3.7 \times 10^{-9} {\rm mol L}^{-1}}\), respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of industrial wastewater, pure form (\({98.2 \pm 3.1}\) %) and drug formulations (\({98.3 \pm 2.9}\) %). The method was validated by comparison with the standard HPLC and the reported methods. The method offers a simple system, coupled with good reproducibility, accuracy, ruggedness, and cost-effectiveness.

Simultaneous Determination of Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu) in Blood Using Differential- Pulse Anodic-Stripping Voltammetry

The salts of Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), are of great toxicological importance and can causes poisoning. Therefore quantitative determination of traces of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, in blood is very essential. Routinely, inductive coupled plasma, atomic absorption spectrometry, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry were used for analysis. An attempt has been made to develop new method for simultaneous determination of traces of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, in blood done by differential-pulse anodic-stripping voltammetry. Blood was processed by wet digestion method using concentrated nitric acid and sulphuric acid. Determination of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, was made in acetate buffer (pH 4.6) with a sweep rate (scan rate) of 60.0 mV/s and pulse amplitude 50 mV by Hanging Mercury Dropping Electrode (HMDE) by standard addition method. The solution was stirred during pre-electrolysis at -1150 mV (vs. Ag/ AgCl) for 90 s and the potential was scanned from - 1150m V to +100m V (vs. Ag/ AgCl). Under these conditions the limit of detection of zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper were 1.0 μg/L, 1.0 μg/L, 0.1 μg/L, 1.0 μg/L and respectively.

Determination of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu metals in ground water of District Hapur, Uttar Pradesh (India) by anodic stripping voltammetric technique

In the present communication determination of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu metals has been carried out from ground water of Hapur District, Uttar Pradesh (India) using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) at Hanging Mercury Dropping Electrode (HMDE). Determination of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu was carried out by using acetate solution as buffer (pH 4.6) with a sweep rate of 0.06 V/sec and pulse amplitude 0.05 V by HMDE by standard addition method. The minimum level of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu should also be near to zero and the concentration found in the ground water sample of Hapur (India) as analyzed 2.1834, 0.0509, 0.0116 and 0.0331mg/L-1 respectively.

Electrochemical reduction of ciprofloxacin at the mercury electrode and its voltammetric determination in tablet and urine

In this study a reduction square wave voltammetric method was developed and validated for the direct determination of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in pharmaceutical formulation and biological fluid using hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE) surface. Best results were obtained for the quantitative determination of CIP in 0.02 M Britton-Robinson buffer at pH 2.5 and at a potential of −1300 mV vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Various experimental and instrumental parameters affecting the peak current and potential of CIP electrochemical reduction were investigated and optimized. The monitored peak current was directly proportional to the concentration of CIP, where it exhibited a linear response in the range 3.0 × 10−7–2 × 10−6 M (r = 0.99). The accuracy of the proposed method was concluded based on the value of mean recovery of 98 ± 0.72 % with RSD of 0.181 % at a detection limit of 7 × 10−9 M. Possible interferences by various substances usually present in pharmaceutical formulations have been also evaluated. After validating the proposed method, the applicability of this voltammetric method was demonstrated by estimating CIP in its pharmaceutical formulation and spiked human urine, where values of mean recoveries of 97 ± 1.0% and 108.0 ± 2.0% were obtained, respectively.

Determination of aluminum in botanical samples by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry as Al-8-hydroxyquinoline complex

A fast and sensitive new procedure for the determination of total aluminum by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (AdCSV) in plant samples consumed for dietary and/or medicinal purposes was described. The Al(III)-8-hydroxyquinoline (Al-8HQ) complex was adsorbed on a hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE) at 0.300V versus Ag/AgCl electrode during a 30s accumulation time. An electrochemical cell containing 0.024molL−1 ammonia–ammonium acetate buffer (pH6.80) as supporting electrolyte and 7.43mgL−1 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) as ligand for aluminum were employed. A linear response was observed over the 8.54×10−8 to 2.35×10−7molL−1 range with a limit of detection (LOD) of 8.54×10−8molL−1 and a relative standard deviation (RSD; n=3) of 1.86% for 8.54×10−8molL−1 aluminum solution. Aluminum contents in green tea (Camellia sinensis), carqueja (Baccharis genistelloides), cascara sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) and senna (Cassia acutifolia) were 502.5±14.1, 195.6±21.0, 309.1±11.7, 205.6±16.1μg aluminum per g of dry tea, respectively. The accuracy of the developed method was evaluated by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and all of the results were similar. It indicates that AdCSV could be efficiently applied in the determination of aluminum as 8-HQ complex in real food samples.

Assay of Amlodipine Besylate in Tablets and Human Biological Fluids by Square Wave Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry

The adsorption behavior of the antihypertensive and antianginal agent amlodipine besylate onto a Hanging Mercury Dropping Electrode (HMDE) was explored by square wave and cyclic voltammetry. The drug accumulat ed at HMDE and a well-defined peak was obtained at �1.73V versus Ag/AgCl (saturated KCl) in phosphate buffer at pH 7. A validated simple, rapid and sensitive square -wave voltammetric procedure was described for direct determination of the authentic cited drug. The optimum procedure conditions were accumulation potential E

Direct Determination of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Copper Metal in Tap Water of Delhi (India) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Technique

Salts of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead and Copper are taken incidentally or accidently and has become of great toxicological importance having toxic effect. In the present study direct determination of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu metal was carried out from tap water of Delhi (India) using differential pulse anodic stripping Voltammeter (DPASV) at Hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE).Determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu was done using Ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.6) with a sweep rate (scan rate) of 59.5 mV/s and pulse amplitude 50mV by HMDE by standard addition method. The solution was stirred during pre-electrolysis at -1150mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) for 90 seconds and the potential was scanned from -1150V to +100V (vs..Ag/AgCl). As a result the minimum level of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu was Zero and the concentration observed in the tap water sample of Delhi (India) was determined as 0.174 mg/L-1, 0.001 mg/L-1, 0.002 mg/L-1, 0.011 mg/L-1 respectively.

Analysis of spironolactone residues in industrial wastewater and in drug formulations by cathodic stripping voltammetry

The redox behavior of spironolactone (SP) drug in Britton–Robinson (BR) buffer of pH 2–11 was investigated by differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry (DPCSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) at hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE). At pH 9–10.5, the DPCSV of SP drug showed two cathodic peaks at −1.15 and −1.38V at the HMDE vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode. In the CV, at pH 9–10, the dependence of the cathodic peak current, Ip,c and peak potential, Ep,c of the second peak (Ep,c2) on the scan rate (ν) and on the depolizer (SP) concentrations was typical of an electrode coupled (EC) chemical reaction type mechanism. The plot of Ip,c at −1.380V of the DPCSV vs. SP concentration at pH 9 was linear over the concentration range of 1.2×10−10−9.6×10−7M. The lower limit of detection (LLOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the drug were 1.1×10−11 and 4.14×10−11M, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of SP residues in industrial wastewater, in pure form (98.2±3.1%) and in drug formulations e.g. Aldactone® tablet (98.35±2.9%).The method was validated by comparison with HPLC and the official data methods.

Application of differential pulse stripping voltammetry and chemometrics for the determination of three antibiotic drugs in food samples

Abstract A reliable method for simultaneous determination of three antibiotic drugs (levofloxacin, gatifloxacin and lomefloxacin) by differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV) in Britton–Robinson buffer (pH 7.96) was presented. The method is based on adsorptive accumulation of the antibacterial drugs on a hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE), followed by the reduction of the adsorptive species by the technique of DPSV. Optimal conditions, the deposition time of 80 s, the deposition potential of −1250 mV, and the scan rate of 25 mV/s, were obtained. The linear concentration ranges of 0.010–0.080 μg/mL were obtained for all these three antibiotic drugs, while the detection limits were 2.38, 3.20 and 1.60 ng/mL for levofloxacin, gatifloxacin and lomefloxacin, respectively. In this work, chemometrics methods, such as classical least squares (CLS), partial least squares (PLS), principle component regression (PCR) and radial basis function-artificial neural networks (RBF-ANN), were used to quantitatively resolve the overlapping signals. It was found that PCR gave the best results with total relative prediction error (RPE T ) of 7.71%. The proposed method was applied to determine these three drugs in several commercial food samples with spiked method and yielded satisfactory recoveries.

Electrochemical determination of rosiglitazone by square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry method

Square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry technique was used to determine rosiglitazone (ROS) on the hanging mercury dropping electrode (HMDE) surface, in Britton Robinson buffer, pH=5. The voltammetric cathodic peak was observed at −1520mV vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The voltammetric peak response was characterized with respect to pH, supporting electrolyte, accumulation potential, preconcentration time, scan rate, frequency, pulse amplitude, surface area of the working electrode and the convection rate. Under optimal conditions, the voltammetric current is proportional to the concentration of ROS over the concentration range of 5×10−8–8×10−7moll−1 (r=0.9899) with a detection limit of 3.2×10−11moll−1 using 120s accumulation time. The developed SW-AdSV procedure showed a good reproducibility, the relative standard deviation RSD% (n=10) at a concentration level of 5×10−7moll−1 was 0.33%, whereas the accuracy was 101%±1.0. The proposed method was successfully applied to assay the drug in the human urine and plasma samples with mean recoveries of 90±0.71% and 86±1.0%, respectively.

Voltammetry of irbesartan drug in pharmaceutical formulations and human blood: quantification and pharmacokinetic studies

Cyclic voltammograms of irbesartan at the hanging mercury dropping electrode in the Britton-Robinson buffer of pH values lower than 4.5 exhibited a single 2-electron irreversible cathodic peak corresponding to the reduction-saturation of the C=N double bond of its tetrazolyl moiety. Over the pH range 4.5-5.5, the voltammograms exhibited two irreversible cathodic peaks (1st and 2nd peaks) of lower peak current but of relatively equal heights which were attributed to reduction of the C=N group of the acidic and basic forms of irbesartan, respectively. A validated square-wave adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric method was developed for quantification of irbesartan in the bulk form. The developed stripping voltammetric method was successfully applied for quantitation of irbesartan in pharmaceutical formulations and spiked human serum, without the necessity for samples pretreatment and/or time-consuming extraction steps prior to the analysis. Insignificant interferences from its active ingredient "hydrochlorothiazide", excipients, common metal ions and co-administrated drugs were obtained during the analysis. Limits of detection of 9.0x10-10 and 2.1x10-9 mol L-1 and limits of quantitation of 3.0x10-9 and 7.0x10-9 mol L-1 irbesartan in the bulk form and in spiked human serum were achieved, respectively, by the developed stripping voltammetric method. Moreover, pharmacokinetic parameters of irbesartan in plasma of healthy volunteers following an oral administration of a single dose of Aprovel® tablets were also estimated.